Class 07 NCERT Chapters

"Tilloo! How often have you been told not to go that way?”  "But why does Daddy go there every day?” "Because that’s his job, Tilloo!” ‘That way’ was an underground passage.

Timothy, the tiger-cub, was discovered by Grandfather in the Terai jungle near Dehra.

There was once a lady who lived in an old manor-house on the border of a big forest. This lady had a pet bear she was very fond of. It had been found in the forest, half dead of hunger, so small and helpless that it had to be brought up on the bottle by the lady and the old cook.

Once upon a time there lived an old man in Almora. He was popularly known as Abbu Khan. He lived all alone except for a few goats which he always kept as pets. He gave his goats funny names such as Kalua, Moongia or Gujri.

LONG, long ago the elephant had no trunk. He had only a bulgy nose, as big as a boot. He could wiggle it from side to side, but couldn’t pick up things with it.

Kari, the elephant, was five months old when he was given to me to take care of. I was nine years old and I could reach his back if I stood on tiptoe. He seemed to remain that high for nearly two years. We grew together; that is probably why I never found out just how tall he was. He lived in a pavilion, under a thatched roof which rested on thick tree stumps so that it could not fall in when Kari bumped against the poles as he moved about.

Though so very small, the ant is unbelievably intelligent and hard-working. Among the various kinds, the commonest ant is black or red. Ants live in comfortable homes called 'anthills'.

Two friends share their feelings about brave soldiers. One of them shares her experience of visiting the National War Memorial that has left a deep impact on her.

Who are the oldest people you know? What are the oldest things you have (i) in your house, (ii) in your city, town or village? How old are they? Have you ever wished that you were older? Have you wished that you could grow up in a hurry?

Nishad, a boy of seven (also called Seven because his name means the seventh note on the musical scale) and his ten-year-old sister Maya are very curious about one Mr Nath. Then one day the children’s marble rolls into Mr Nath’s room, and Nishad gets a chance to see him.

Can a shoemaker be called an artist? Yes, if he has the same skill and pride in his trade as any other artist, and the same respect for it too. Mr Gessler, a German shoemaker settled in London, is a perfect artist.

A Japanese story - underscores values such as honesty, compassion, diligence, etc. with a hint of magical realism. The spirit of the dog is the old couple’s make-believe determination to get past personal setbacks and begin anew.

Have you ever read a comic book? A comic book contains stories told mainly through pictures.

Mridu is a young girl growing up in Madras (now called Chennai) with Tapi, her grandmother, and Thatha, her grandfather.

The thought came to a certain king that he would never fail if he knew three things. These three things were: What is the right time to begin something? Which people should he listen to? What is the most important thing for him to do?

Cultivation of cotton requires high levels of inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides and the farmers have to incur heavy expenses on account of these. Most often, the small farmers need to borrow money to meet these expenses.

A weekly market is so called because it is held on a specific day of the week. Weekly markets do not have permanent shops. Traders set up shops for the day and then close them up in the evening.

Media describes the various ways through which we communicate in society. Because media refers to all means of communication, everything ranging from a phone call to the evening news on TV can be called media.

Because many people believe in the stereotypes, many girls do not get the same support that boys do to study and train to become doctors and engineers.

Societies make clear distinctions between boys and girls. This begins from a very young age. In most societies, the roles men and women play or the work they do, are not valued equally.

Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) are elected by the people. They then become members of the legislative assembly and also form the government.

Health means our ability to remain free of illness and injuries. In order to prevent and treat illnesses we need appropriate healthcare facilities such as health centres, hospitals, laboratories for testing, ambulance services, blood banks, etc., that can provide the required care and services that patients need.

Universal adult franchise and is an essential aspect of all democracies. The idea of universal adult franchise is based on the idea of equality because it states that every adult in a country, irrespective of their wealth and the communities she/he belongs to, has one vote.

Desert is an arid region characteriesed by extremely high or low temperatures and has scarce vegetation. Depending on the temperatures there can be hot deserts or cold deserts.

The tropical region lies very close to the equator; between 10°N and 10°S. So, it is referred to as the equatorial region. The river Amazon flows through this region. It flows from the mountains to the west and reaches the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Numerous tributaries join the Amazon River to form the Amazon basin.

The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water into vapour. When the water vapour cools down, it condenses and forms clouds. From there it may fall on the land or sea in the form of rain, snow or sleet.

The earth is surrounded by a huge blanket of air called atmosphere. Nitrogen and oxygen are two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, helium,
ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities.

The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as the Lithospheric plates. The movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth. The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called as Endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of the earth are called as Exogenic forces.

The earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another. The uppermost layer over the earth’s surface is called the crust. The main mineral constituents of the continental mass are silica and alumina. The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium.

Environment is a combination of natural and human made phenomena. While the natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions existing on the earth, human environment reveals the activities, creations and interactions among human beings.

By 1765, another power, the British, had successfully grabbed major chunks of territory in eastern India. Political conditions in eighteenth-century India changed quite dramatically and within a relatively short span of time.

The Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram was established in the ninth century in the south-western part of the peninsula, part of present-day Kerala. It is likely that Malayalam was spoken in this area. The rulers introduced the Malayalam language and script in their inscriptions.

Before large kingdoms emerged, different groups of people worshipped their own gods and goddesses. As people were brought together through the growth of towns, trade and empires, new ideas began to develop. Shiva, Vishnu and Durga as supreme deities came to be worshipped through elaborate rituals.

In large parts of the subcontinent, society was already divided according to the rules of varna. These rules, as prescribed by the Brahmanas, were accepted by the rulers of large kingdoms. The difference between the high and low, and between the rich and poor, increased. Under the Delhi Sultans and the Mughals, this hierarchy between social classes grew further.

The Mughals were descendants of two great lineages of rulers. From their mother’s side they were descendants of Genghis Khan (died 1227), the Mongol ruler who ruled over parts of China and Central Asia. From their father’s side they were the successors of Timur (died 1404), the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey.

Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs, who were defeated in the middle of the twelfth century by the Chauhans (also referred to as Chahamanas) of Ajmer. It was under the Tomaras and Chauhans that Delhi became an important commercial centre.

Many new dynasties emerged after the seventh century. By the seventh century there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent. Existing kings often acknowledged them as their subordinates or samantas.

When historians read documents, maps and texts from the past they have to be sensitive to the different historical backgrounds - the contexts - in which information about the past was produced.

Used water is wastewater. Wastewater could be reused. Wastewater is generated in homes, industries, agricultural fields and in other human activities. This is called sewage.

We get various products from the forests surrounding us. Forest is a system comprising various plants, animals and micro-organisms.

Light travels along straight lines. Any polished or a shining surface acts as a mirror. An image which can be obtained on a screen is called a real image. An image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image.

It is convenient to represent electric components by symbols. Using these, an electric circuit can be represented by a circuit diagram.

The distance moved by an object in a unit time is called its speed. Speed of objects help us to decide which one is moving faster than the other. The speed of an object is the distance travelled divided by the time taken to cover that distance.

All organisms multiply or reproduce their own kind. In plants there are two modes of reproduction, asexual and sexual. There are several methods of asexual reproduction such as fragmentation, budding, spore formation and vegetative propagation.

In most animals the blood that circulates in the body distributes food and oxygen to different cells of the body. It also carries waste products from different parts of the body for excretion.

Respiration is essential for survival of living organisms. It releases energy from the food. The oxygen we inhale is used to breakdown glucose into carbon dioxide and water. Energy is released in the process.

Changes can be of two types, physical and chemical. Physical changes are changes in the physical properties of substances. No new substances are formed in these changes. These changes may be reversible.

Acids are sour in taste. Generally, bases are bitter in taste and soapy to touch. Acid turns blue litmus red. Bases turn red litmus blue.

Our sense of touch is not always a reliable guide to the degree of hotness of an object. Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness of an object. Thermometer is a device used for measuring temperature.

Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of intake of food and its utilisation in the body.